Integrate simple and intuitive functionality into your mid- to high-volume laboratory with the DxC AU clinical chemistry analyzer. The latest in a line of reliable high-performance systems, the DxC AU is designed to increase uptime and deliver precise analysis.
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Technology gave way to an Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer. This machine enables the diagnosis of diseases and the potential cause of issues and symptoms in the human body. There might be different variants of the analyzer each of which needs to be studied and the needs realized to recognize which level of automation is required for the analyzer. Here, we are considering the Semi-Automatic Biochemistry Analyzer.
Semi-Automated Biochemistry Analyzers work based on two measurement methods: optical techniques and electrochemical techniques.
The working is similar to that of the Fully Automated Biochemistry Analyzers. The main difference is that Semi-Automatic analyzers are more practical for use in smaller laboratories and medical practices. This is due to it being able to handle a lower number of samples at a time as compared to the fully automatic one.
Although the tray carrier accommodates only 40 samples, more trays of samples can be programmed and then loaded in place of completed trays while tests on other trays are in progress. A disposable sample tip is hand loaded adjacent to each sample cup on the tray. A modular analyzer can accommodate as many as 60 of these racks at one time.
The four quadrant trays, each holding ten samples, fit on a tray carrier. Photograph courtesy of Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics. Nearly all contemporary chemistry analyzers sample from primary collection tubes, or for limited volume samples, there are microsample tubes.
The tubes are placed in either racks or carousels. Bar code labels for each sample, which include the patient name and identification number, can be printed on demand by the operator Fig. This allows samples to be loaded in any order.
The cuvettes are loaded onto the analyzer from a continuous spool. These cuvettes index through the instrument at the rate of one every 5 seconds and are cut into sections or groups as required. A schematic of the Dimension RxL cuvette production and reading system is shown in Figure 7. Exposure of the sample to air can lead to sample evaporation and produce errors in analysis. Manufacturers have devised a variety of mechanisms to minimize this effect—for example, lid covers for trays and individual caps that can be pierced, which includes closed-tube sampling from primary collection tubes.
The actual measurement of each aliquot for each test must be accurate. This is generally accomplished through aspiration of the sample into a probe. When the discrete instrument is in operation, the probe automatically dips into each sample cup and aspirates a portion of the liquid. After a preset, computer-controlled time interval, the probe quickly rises from the cup.
Sampling probes on instruments using specific sampling cups are programmed or adjusted to reach a prescribed depth in those cups to maximize the use of available sample. Those analyzers capable of aspirating sample from primary collection tubes usually have a parallel liquid level—sensing probe that will control entry of the sampling probe to a minimal depth below the surface of the serum, allowing full aliquot aspiration while avoiding clogging of the probe with serum separator gel or clot Fig.
Note the liquid level sensor to the left of probes. In continuous flow analyzers, when the sample probe rises from the cup, air is aspirated for a specified time to produce a bubble in between sample and reagent plugs of liquid. Then the probe descends into a container where wash solution is drawn into the probe and through the system. The wash solution is usually deionized water, possibly with a surfactant added.
Remembering that all samples follow the same reaction path, the necessity for the wash solution between samples becomes obvious. Immersion of the probe into the wash reservoir cleanses the outside, whereas aspiration of an aliquot of solution cleanses the lumen. The reservoir is continually replenished with an excess of fresh solution. The wash aliquot, plus the previously mentioned air bubble, maintains sample integrity and minimizes sample carryover.
Certain pipetters use a disposable tip and an air displacement syringe to measure and deliver reagent. When this is used, the pipetter may be reprogrammed to measure sample and reagent for batches of different tests comparatively easily. Besides eliminating the effort of priming the reagent delivery system with the new solution, no reagent is wasted or contaminated because nothing but the pipette tip contacts it.
The cleaning of the probe and tubing after each dispensing to minimize the carryover of one sample into the next is a concern for many instruments. In some systems, the reagent or diluent is also dispersed into the cuvette through the same tubing and probe. Deionized water may be dispensed into the cuvette after the sample to produce a specified dilution of the sample and also to rinse the dispensing system.
In the Technicon RA, a random access fluid is the separation medium. The fluorocarbon fluid is a viscous, inert, immiscible, nonwetting substance that coats the delivery system. The coating on the sides of the delivery system prevents carryover due to the wetting of the surfaces and, forming a plug of the solution between samples, prevents carryover by diffusion.
Surface tension leaves a coating of the fluid in the dispensing system. If a separate probe or tip is used for each sample and discarded after use, as in the VITROS, the issue of carryover is a moot point. A proboscis presses into a tip on the sample tray, picks it up, and moves over the specimen to aspirate the volume required for the tests programmed for that sample. The tip is then moved over to the slide-metering block.
A stepper motor-driven piston controls aspiration and drop formation. In several discrete systems, the probe is attached by means of nonwettable tubing to precision syringes. The syringes draw a specified amount of sample into the probe and tubing. Then the probe is positioned over a cuvette and the sample is dispensed.
The Hitachi used two sample probes to simultaneously aspirate a double volume of sample in each probe immersed in one specimen container and, thereby, deliver sample into four individual test channels, all in one operational step Fig. The loaded probes pass through a fine mist shower bath before delivery to wash off any sample residue adhering to the outer surface of the probes. After delivery, the probes move to a rinse bath station for cleaning the inside and outside surfaces of the probes.
Courtesy of Roche Diagnostics. Many chemistry analyzers use computer-controlled stepping motors to drive both the sampling and washout syringes. Every few seconds, the sampling probe enters a specimen container, withdraws the required volume, moves to the cuvette, and dispenses the aliquot with a volume of water to wash the probe.
The washout volume is adjusted to yield the final reaction volume. Economy of sample size is a major consideration in developing automated procedures, but methodologies have limitations to maintain proper levels of sensitivity and specificity. The factors governing sample and reagent measurement are interdependent.
Generally, if sample size is reduced, then either the size of the reaction cuvette and final reaction volume must be decreased or the reagent concentration must be increased to ensure sufficient color development for accurate photometric readings. Reagents may be classified as liquid or dry systems for use with automated analyzers. Liquid reagents may be purchased in bulk volume containers or in unit dose packaging as a convenience for stat testing on some analyzers.
The Clinical Biochemistry Analyzer is an instrument that uses the pale yellow supernatant portion serum of centrifuged blood sample or a urine sample, and induces reactions using reagents to measure various components, such as sugar, cholesterol , protein , enzyme, etc. Dry Chemistry refers to a diagnostic format where a test pad is bonded to a support structure and impregnated with an analyte that will change color or some other physical property that can easily be seen or measured when exposed to a test sample.
Biochemical analysis techniques refer to a set of methods, assays, and procedures that enable scientists to analyze the substances found in living organisms and the chemical reactions underlying life processes. Techniques such as spectrophotometry, immunoassays, and electrophoresis are also used in clinical chemistry to measure the concentration of substances such as glucose, lipids, enzymes, electrolytes, hormones, proteins, and other metabolic products present in human blood and urine.
Immunoassay Analyzer. An immunoassay analyzer is used in hospital and clinical laboratories to run automated biochemical tests to detect the presence and concentration of substances in the samples. Random sampling and continuous access sampling are two ways that an immunoassay analyzer can process a sample. Serologic tests are blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques.
Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions. Serologic tests have one thing in common. They all focus on proteins made by your immune system.
Up to 4 tests can be performed on each full tube, provided they are for the same laboratory. Tests analysed in different laboratories e.
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